Pakistan’s internet ‘firewall’ lacks AI, operates reactively to fake news

Pakistan’s web management system (WMS), commonly known as “firewall” and operated by the Pakistan Telecommunication Authority (PTA), lacks artificial intelligence capabilities to proactively identify or block fake news and controversial content, officials said.

The WMS, which operates reactively, is unable to differentiate between fake and real content in real-time, PTA officials revealed during a recent briefing. “Our system determines those responsible after fake news or illegal content spreads. Real-time monitoring is not possible,” said Muhammad Mukaram Khan, PTA’s Director General of Cyber Vigilance.

Background and cost

The WMS, implemented in 2018 at the Supreme Court’s directive, has cost telecom operators and long-distance international (LDI) operators PKR 35 billion over five years. PTA clarified that the system was provided by mobile phone operators, with no direct investment from the government.

The controversial system, originally acquired from Canadian company Sandvine for $18.5 million, uses Deep Packet Inspection technology. This enables VPN traffic blocking and internet surveillance but does not include artificial intelligence to identify fake news or preempt controversial content.

Operational limitations

The PTA’s web management relies on 72 monitoring points, including reports from organizations such as the Ministry of Religious Affairs and telecom operators. “We do not block any website without proper legal process,” Khan said, adding that actions are based on court orders or complaints.

The system blocks illegal content through a procedure that includes notifying platforms to remove offending material. If the content is removed, the platform remains accessible. Recent high-profile incidents, such as fake news about Punjab college student and social media activity during the D-Chowk operation, have highlighted the system's reactive nature.

Criticism and surveillance concerns

The system has drawn criticism for its lack of AI and inability to monitor social media in real-time. Critics also point to the WMS’s role in enabling government surveillance of internet traffic, which has raised privacy concerns.

In December 2023, the WMS underwent upgrades and was tested on submarine internet cables SMW 3, 4, and 5 to enhance its capabilities. However, its reliance on outdated technology continues to limit its effectiveness in combating fake news and illegal content.

PTA's position

PTA maintains that the WMS was established to enforce the Prevention of Electronic Crimes Act (PECA) and prevent grey traffic, which costs Pakistan billions annually. Officials emphasized the system’s legal compliance, noting that its primary function is to block harmful content after thorough review.

Despite these assurances, the lack of proactive measures and reliance on manual processes remain key challenges for Pakistan’s digital landscape.